Testicular cancer (睪丸癌) is a relatively rare cancer primarily affecting young and middle-aged men. It originates in the testicles, the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. It occurs when abnormal cells in the testicles grow and multiply uncontrollably. There are different types of testicular cancer, including germ cell tumors (the most common type) and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors can further be categorised as seminomas or non-seminomas. Testicular cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes and, in advanced cases, it may metastasize (distant spread) to other parts of the body.
There is no guaranteed way to prevent testicular cancer, but certain strategies may help reduce the risk. Here are some recommendations for testicular cancer prevention:
Remember, while these measures may help reduce the risk of testicular cancer, they do not guarantee prevention.
The exact cause of testicular cancer is often unknown. However, certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors include:
Testicular cancer is most common in young and middle-aged men, typically between 15 and 35.
Men who had one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth have an increased risk.
Having a close relative with testicular cancer can slightly raise the risk.
A previous diagnosis of testicular cancer increases the chances of developing it again.
Certain conditions affecting testicular development, such as Klinefelter syndrome (patients carry an extra X chromosome), may increase the risk.
Recognising the symptoms of testicular cancer is crucial for early detection. Common symptoms include:
A painless lump or swelling in the testicle is often the first noticeable sign of testicular cancer.
Although not always present, some individuals may experience a dull ache or heaviness in the scrotum or testicle.
Noticeable changes in the size or shape of the testicles should be promptly evaluated.
In some cases, fluid may collect in the scrotum, causing swelling or lumps.
Symptoms can vary from person to person, and some may not experience any symptoms. A doctor should evaluate any concerns or changes in the testicles.
Early detection of testicular cancer improves treatment outcomes. There are two primary methods of diagnosis: self-examination and medical examination.
Performing regular testicular self-examinations is an essential part of early detection. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to perform a self-exam:
If you notice any changes or abnormalities during a self-exam, it is important to consult a doctor for further evaluation.
A medical examination is necessary for a comprehensive evaluation. A doctor will physically examine the testicles, groin, and abdomen. They may also request additional tests, such as:
Regular check-ups with a doctor are essential for early detection and prompt treatment if testicular cancer is suspected.
The treatment of testicular cancer depends on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer and the individual's overall health. The primary treatment options include:
Surgical removal of the affected testicle, known as a radical inguinal orchiectomy, is often performed. In some cases, additional lymph node removal may be necessary.
High-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells. It may be recommended after surgery or as a primary treatment for specific situations.
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be administered before or after surgery or used as the primary treatment for advanced cases.
Is necessary after initial treatment (surgery to remove cancerous testis) even for early stage cancers for prompt intervention should another tumour be detected in the other (contralateral) testis.
The doctor will determine the choice of treatment based on individual circumstances. Discussing each treatment option's potential benefits, risks, and side effects with a doctor is important.
Testicular cancer is a significant health concern especially for males of reproductive age that requires attention and awareness. Individuals can take proactive steps towards their testicular health by understanding the importance of prevention, recognising early signs, and being informed about treatment options. Regular self-exams and timely medical check-ups play a crucial role in the early detection of testicular cancer. If any concerns arise, it is essential to consult a doctor for proper evaluation and guidance.